License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-11-01 15:07:57 +01:00
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# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
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2014-12-12 16:57:36 -08:00
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CFLAGS = -Wall
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2019-05-14 15:44:43 -07:00
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CFLAGS += -Wno-nonnull
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2024-12-12 18:42:18 +01:00
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CFLAGS += $(KHDR_INCLUDES)
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LDLIBS += -lcap
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2014-12-12 16:57:36 -08:00
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2024-05-08 10:31:46 -07:00
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ALIGNS := 0x1000 0x200000 0x1000000
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ALIGN_PIES := $(patsubst %,load_address.%,$(ALIGNS))
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ALIGN_STATIC_PIES := $(patsubst %,load_address.static.%,$(ALIGNS))
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binfmt_elf: Honor PT_LOAD alignment for static PIE
The p_align values in PT_LOAD were ignored for static PIE executables
(i.e. ET_DYN without PT_INTERP). This is because there is no way to
request a non-fixed mmap region with a specific alignment. ET_DYN with
PT_INTERP uses a separate base address (ELF_ET_DYN_BASE) and binfmt_elf
performs the ASLR itself, which means it can also apply alignment. For
the mmap region, the address selection happens deep within the vm_mmap()
implementation (when the requested address is 0).
The earlier attempt to implement this:
commit 9630f0d60fec ("fs/binfmt_elf: use PT_LOAD p_align values for static PIE")
commit 925346c129da ("fs/binfmt_elf: fix PT_LOAD p_align values for loaders")
did not take into account the different base address origins, and were
eventually reverted:
aeb7923733d1 ("revert "fs/binfmt_elf: use PT_LOAD p_align values for static PIE"")
In order to get the correct alignment from an mmap base, binfmt_elf must
perform a 0-address load first, then tear down the mapping and perform
alignment on the resulting address. Since this is slightly more overhead,
only do this when it is needed (i.e. the alignment is not the default
ELF alignment). This does, however, have the benefit of being able to
use MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE, to avoid potential collisions.
With this fixed, enable the static PIE self tests again.
Reported-by: H.J. Lu <hjl.tools@gmail.com>
Closes: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=215275
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240508173149.677910-3-keescook@chromium.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <kees@kernel.org>
2024-05-08 10:31:48 -07:00
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ALIGNMENT_TESTS := $(ALIGN_PIES) $(ALIGN_STATIC_PIES)
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2024-05-08 10:31:46 -07:00
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2024-12-12 18:42:22 +01:00
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TEST_PROGS := binfmt_script.py check-exec-tests.sh
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2024-05-08 10:31:46 -07:00
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TEST_GEN_PROGS := execveat non-regular $(ALIGNMENT_TESTS)
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2024-12-12 18:42:22 +01:00
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TEST_GEN_PROGS_EXTENDED := false inc set-exec script-exec.inc script-noexec.inc
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2022-01-27 21:33:45 +05:00
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TEST_GEN_FILES := execveat.symlink execveat.denatured script subdir
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2016-11-29 19:55:51 +08:00
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# Makefile is a run-time dependency, since it's accessed by the execveat test
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TEST_FILES := Makefile
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2019-05-14 15:44:43 -07:00
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TEST_GEN_PROGS += recursion-depth
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2022-01-31 17:16:37 -08:00
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TEST_GEN_PROGS += null-argv
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2024-12-12 18:42:18 +01:00
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TEST_GEN_PROGS += check-exec
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2019-05-14 15:44:43 -07:00
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2020-08-14 17:30:17 -07:00
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EXTRA_CLEAN := $(OUTPUT)/subdir.moved $(OUTPUT)/execveat.moved $(OUTPUT)/xxxxx* \
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$(OUTPUT)/S_I*.test
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2016-11-29 19:55:51 +08:00
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include ../lib.mk
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2024-12-12 18:42:22 +01:00
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CHECK_EXEC_SAMPLES := $(top_srcdir)/samples/check-exec
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2016-11-29 19:55:52 +08:00
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$(OUTPUT)/subdir:
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2014-12-12 16:57:36 -08:00
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mkdir -p $@
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2024-03-15 11:26:35 -07:00
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$(OUTPUT)/script: Makefile
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echo '#!/bin/bash' > $@
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2014-12-12 16:57:36 -08:00
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echo 'exit $$*' >> $@
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chmod +x $@
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2016-11-29 19:55:52 +08:00
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$(OUTPUT)/execveat.symlink: $(OUTPUT)/execveat
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cd $(OUTPUT) && ln -s -f $(shell basename $<) $(shell basename $@)
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$(OUTPUT)/execveat.denatured: $(OUTPUT)/execveat
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2014-12-12 16:57:36 -08:00
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cp $< $@
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chmod -x $@
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2024-05-08 10:31:46 -07:00
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$(OUTPUT)/load_address.0x%: load_address.c
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -Wl,-z,max-page-size=$(lastword $(subst ., ,$@)) \
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-fPIE -pie $< -o $@
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$(OUTPUT)/load_address.static.0x%: load_address.c
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -Wl,-z,max-page-size=$(lastword $(subst ., ,$@)) \
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-fPIE -static-pie $< -o $@
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2024-12-12 18:42:18 +01:00
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$(OUTPUT)/false: false.c
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -static $< -o $@
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2024-12-12 18:42:22 +01:00
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$(OUTPUT)/inc: $(CHECK_EXEC_SAMPLES)/inc.c
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $< -o $@
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$(OUTPUT)/set-exec: $(CHECK_EXEC_SAMPLES)/set-exec.c
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $< -o $@
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$(OUTPUT)/script-exec.inc: $(CHECK_EXEC_SAMPLES)/script-exec.inc
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cp $< $@
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$(OUTPUT)/script-noexec.inc: $(CHECK_EXEC_SAMPLES)/script-noexec.inc
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cp $< $@
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