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3b1b-manim/example_scenes.py
Grant Sanderson 744e695340
Misc. clean up (#2269) 
* Comment tweak

* Directly print traceback

Since the shell.showtraceback is giving some issues

* Make InteracrtiveSceneEmbed into a class

This way it can keep track of it's internal shell; use of get_ipython has a finicky relationship with reloading.

* Move remaining checkpoint_paste logic into scene_embed.py

This involved making a few context managers for Scene: temp_record, temp_skip, temp_progress_bar, which seem useful in and of themselves.

* Change null key to be the empty string

* Ensure temporary svg paths for Text are deleted

* Remove unused dict_ops.py functions

* Remove break_into_partial_movies from file_writer configuration

* Rewrite guarantee_existence using Path

* Clean up SceneFileWriter

It had a number of vestigial functions no longer used, and some setup that could be made more organized.

* Remove --save_pngs CLI arg (which did nothing)

* Add --subdivide CLI arg

* Remove add_extension_if_not_present

* Remove get_sorted_integer_files

* Have find_file return Path

* Minor clean up

* Clean up num_tex_symbols

* Fix find_file

* Minor cleanup for extract_scene.py

* Add preview_frame_while_skipping option to scene config

* Use shell.showtraceback function

* Move keybindings to config, instead of in-place constants

* Replace DEGREES -> DEG
2024-12-12 08:39:54 -08:00

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from manimlib import *
import numpy as np
# To watch one of these scenes, run the following:
# manimgl example_scenes.py OpeningManimExample
# Use -s to skip to the end and just save the final frame
# Use -w to write the animation to a file
# Use -o to write it to a file and open it once done
# Use -n <number> to skip ahead to the n'th animation of a scene.
class OpeningManimExample(Scene):
def construct(self):
intro_words = Text("""
The original motivation for manim was to
better illustrate mathematical functions
as transformations.
""")
intro_words.to_edge(UP)
self.play(Write(intro_words))
self.wait(2)
# Linear transform
grid = NumberPlane((-10, 10), (-5, 5))
matrix = [[1, 1], [0, 1]]
linear_transform_words = VGroup(
Text("This is what the matrix"),
IntegerMatrix(matrix),
Text("looks like")
)
linear_transform_words.arrange(RIGHT)
linear_transform_words.to_edge(UP)
linear_transform_words.set_backstroke(width=5)
self.play(
ShowCreation(grid),
FadeTransform(intro_words, linear_transform_words)
)
self.wait()
self.play(grid.animate.apply_matrix(matrix), run_time=3)
self.wait()
# Complex map
c_grid = ComplexPlane()
moving_c_grid = c_grid.copy()
moving_c_grid.prepare_for_nonlinear_transform()
c_grid.set_stroke(BLUE_E, 1)
c_grid.add_coordinate_labels(font_size=24)
complex_map_words = TexText("""
Or thinking of the plane as $\\mathds{C}$,\\\\
this is the map $z \\rightarrow z^2$
""")
complex_map_words.to_corner(UR)
complex_map_words.set_backstroke(width=5)
self.play(
FadeOut(grid),
Write(c_grid, run_time=3),
FadeIn(moving_c_grid),
FadeTransform(linear_transform_words, complex_map_words),
)
self.wait()
self.play(
moving_c_grid.animate.apply_complex_function(lambda z: z**2),
run_time=6,
)
self.wait(2)
class AnimatingMethods(Scene):
def construct(self):
grid = Tex(R"\pi").get_grid(10, 10, height=4)
self.add(grid)
# You can animate the application of mobject methods with the
# ".animate" syntax:
self.play(grid.animate.shift(LEFT))
# Both of those will interpolate between the mobject's initial
# state and whatever happens when you apply that method.
# For this example, calling grid.shift(LEFT) would shift the
# grid one unit to the left, but both of the previous calls to
# "self.play" animate that motion.
# The same applies for any method, including those setting colors.
self.play(grid.animate.set_color(YELLOW))
self.wait()
self.play(grid.animate.set_submobject_colors_by_gradient(BLUE, GREEN))
self.wait()
self.play(grid.animate.set_height(TAU - MED_SMALL_BUFF))
self.wait()
# The method Mobject.apply_complex_function lets you apply arbitrary
# complex functions, treating the points defining the mobject as
# complex numbers.
self.play(grid.animate.apply_complex_function(np.exp), run_time=5)
self.wait()
# Even more generally, you could apply Mobject.apply_function,
# which takes in functions form R^3 to R^3
self.play(
grid.animate.apply_function(
lambda p: [
p[0] + 0.5 * math.sin(p[1]),
p[1] + 0.5 * math.sin(p[0]),
p[2]
]
),
run_time=5,
)
self.wait()
class TextExample(Scene):
def construct(self):
# To run this scene properly, you should have "Consolas" font in your computer
# for full usage, you can see https://github.com/3b1b/manim/pull/680
text = Text("Here is a text", font="Consolas", font_size=90)
difference = Text(
"""
The most important difference between Text and TexText is that\n
you can change the font more easily, but can't use the LaTeX grammar
""",
font="Arial", font_size=24,
# t2c is a dict that you can choose color for different text
t2c={"Text": BLUE, "TexText": BLUE, "LaTeX": ORANGE}
)
VGroup(text, difference).arrange(DOWN, buff=1)
self.play(Write(text))
self.play(FadeIn(difference, UP))
self.wait(3)
fonts = Text(
"And you can also set the font according to different words",
font="Arial",
t2f={"font": "Consolas", "words": "Consolas"},
t2c={"font": BLUE, "words": GREEN}
)
fonts.set_width(FRAME_WIDTH - 1)
slant = Text(
"And the same as slant and weight",
font="Consolas",
t2s={"slant": ITALIC},
t2w={"weight": BOLD},
t2c={"slant": ORANGE, "weight": RED}
)
VGroup(fonts, slant).arrange(DOWN, buff=0.8)
self.play(FadeOut(text), FadeOut(difference, shift=DOWN))
self.play(Write(fonts))
self.wait()
self.play(Write(slant))
self.wait()
class TexTransformExample(Scene):
def construct(self):
# Tex to color map
t2c = {
"A": BLUE,
"B": TEAL,
"C": GREEN,
}
# Configuration to pass along to each Tex mobject
kw = dict(font_size=72, t2c=t2c)
lines = VGroup(
Tex("A^2 + B^2 = C^2", **kw),
Tex("A^2 = C^2 - B^2", **kw),
Tex("A^2 = (C + B)(C - B)", **kw),
Tex(R"A = \sqrt{(C + B)(C - B)}", **kw),
)
lines.arrange(DOWN, buff=LARGE_BUFF)
self.add(lines[0])
# The animation TransformMatchingStrings will line up parts
# of the source and target which have matching substring strings.
# Here, giving it a little path_arc makes each part rotate into
# their final positions, which feels appropriate for the idea of
# rearranging an equation
self.play(
TransformMatchingStrings(
lines[0].copy(), lines[1],
# matched_keys specifies which substring should
# line up. If it's not specified, the animation
# will align the longest matching substrings.
# In this case, the substring "^2 = C^2" would
# trip it up
matched_keys=["A^2", "B^2", "C^2"],
# When you want a substring from the source
# to go to a non-equal substring from the target,
# use the key map.
key_map={"+": "-"},
path_arc=90 * DEG,
),
)
self.wait()
self.play(TransformMatchingStrings(
lines[1].copy(), lines[2],
matched_keys=["A^2"]
))
self.wait()
self.play(
TransformMatchingStrings(
lines[2].copy(), lines[3],
key_map={"2": R"\sqrt"},
path_arc=-30 * DEG,
),
)
self.wait(2)
self.play(LaggedStartMap(FadeOut, lines, shift=2 * RIGHT))
# TransformMatchingShapes will try to line up all pieces of a
# source mobject with those of a target, regardless of the
# what Mobject type they are.
source = Text("the morse code", height=1)
target = Text("here come dots", height=1)
saved_source = source.copy()
self.play(Write(source))
self.wait()
kw = dict(run_time=3, path_arc=PI / 2)
self.play(TransformMatchingShapes(source, target, **kw))
self.wait()
self.play(TransformMatchingShapes(target, saved_source, **kw))
self.wait()
class TexIndexing(Scene):
def construct(self):
# You can index into Tex mobject (or other StringMobjects) by substrings
equation = Tex(R"e^{\pi i} = -1", font_size=144)
self.add(equation)
self.play(FlashAround(equation["e"]))
self.wait()
self.play(Indicate(equation[R"\pi"]))
self.wait()
self.play(TransformFromCopy(
equation[R"e^{\pi i}"].copy().set_opacity(0.5),
equation["-1"],
path_arc=-PI / 2,
run_time=3
))
self.play(FadeOut(equation))
# Or regular expressions
equation = Tex("A^2 + B^2 = C^2", font_size=144)
self.play(Write(equation))
for part in equation[re.compile(r"\w\^2")]:
self.play(FlashAround(part))
self.wait()
self.play(FadeOut(equation))
# Indexing by substrings like this may not work when
# the order in which Latex draws symbols does not match
# the order in which they show up in the string.
# For example, here the infinity is drawn before the sigma
# so we don't get the desired behavior.
equation = Tex(R"\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6}", font_size=72)
self.play(FadeIn(equation))
self.play(equation[R"\infty"].animate.set_color(RED)) # Doesn't hit the infinity
self.wait()
self.play(FadeOut(equation))
# However you can always fix this by explicitly passing in
# a string you might want to isolate later. Also, using
# \over instead of \frac helps to avoid the issue for fractions
equation = Tex(
R"\sum_{n = 1}^\infty {1 \over n^2} = {\pi^2 \over 6}",
# Explicitly mark "\infty" as a substring you might want to access
isolate=[R"\infty"],
font_size=72
)
self.play(FadeIn(equation))
self.play(equation[R"\infty"].animate.set_color(RED)) # Got it!
self.wait()
self.play(FadeOut(equation))
class UpdatersExample(Scene):
def construct(self):
square = Square()
square.set_fill(BLUE_E, 1)
# On all frames, the constructor Brace(square, UP) will
# be called, and the mobject brace will set its data to match
# that of the newly constructed object
brace = always_redraw(Brace, square, UP)
label = TexText("Width = 0.00")
number = label.make_number_changeable("0.00")
# This ensures that the method deicmal.next_to(square)
# is called on every frame
label.always.next_to(brace, UP)
# You could also write the following equivalent line
# label.add_updater(lambda m: m.next_to(brace, UP))
# If the argument itself might change, you can use f_always,
# for which the arguments following the initial Mobject method
# should be functions returning arguments to that method.
# The following line ensures thst decimal.set_value(square.get_y())
# is called every frame
number.f_always.set_value(square.get_width)
# You could also write the following equivalent line
# number.add_updater(lambda m: m.set_value(square.get_width()))
self.add(square, brace, label)
# Notice that the brace and label track with the square
self.play(
square.animate.scale(2),
rate_func=there_and_back,
run_time=2,
)
self.wait()
self.play(
square.animate.set_width(5, stretch=True),
run_time=3,
)
self.wait()
self.play(
square.animate.set_width(2),
run_time=3
)
self.wait()
# In general, you can alway call Mobject.add_updater, and pass in
# a function that you want to be called on every frame. The function
# should take in either one argument, the mobject, or two arguments,
# the mobject and the amount of time since the last frame.
now = self.time
w0 = square.get_width()
square.add_updater(
lambda m: m.set_width(w0 * math.sin(self.time - now) + w0)
)
self.wait(4 * PI)
class CoordinateSystemExample(Scene):
def construct(self):
axes = Axes(
# x-axis ranges from -1 to 10, with a default step size of 1
x_range=(-1, 10),
# y-axis ranges from -2 to 2 with a step size of 0.5
y_range=(-2, 2, 0.5),
# The axes will be stretched so as to match the specified
# height and width
height=6,
width=10,
# Axes is made of two NumberLine mobjects. You can specify
# their configuration with axis_config
axis_config=dict(
stroke_color=GREY_A,
stroke_width=2,
numbers_to_exclude=[0],
),
# Alternatively, you can specify configuration for just one
# of them, like this.
y_axis_config=dict(
big_tick_numbers=[-2, 2],
)
)
# Keyword arguments of add_coordinate_labels can be used to
# configure the DecimalNumber mobjects which it creates and
# adds to the axes
axes.add_coordinate_labels(
font_size=20,
num_decimal_places=1,
)
self.add(axes)
# Axes descends from the CoordinateSystem class, meaning
# you can call call axes.coords_to_point, abbreviated to
# axes.c2p, to associate a set of coordinates with a point,
# like so:
dot = Dot(color=RED)
dot.move_to(axes.c2p(0, 0))
self.play(FadeIn(dot, scale=0.5))
self.play(dot.animate.move_to(axes.c2p(3, 2)))
self.wait()
self.play(dot.animate.move_to(axes.c2p(5, 0.5)))
self.wait()
# Similarly, you can call axes.point_to_coords, or axes.p2c
# print(axes.p2c(dot.get_center()))
# We can draw lines from the axes to better mark the coordinates
# of a given point.
# Here, the always_redraw command means that on each new frame
# the lines will be redrawn
h_line = always_redraw(lambda: axes.get_h_line(dot.get_left()))
v_line = always_redraw(lambda: axes.get_v_line(dot.get_bottom()))
self.play(
ShowCreation(h_line),
ShowCreation(v_line),
)
self.play(dot.animate.move_to(axes.c2p(3, -2)))
self.wait()
self.play(dot.animate.move_to(axes.c2p(1, 1)))
self.wait()
# If we tie the dot to a particular set of coordinates, notice
# that as we move the axes around it respects the coordinate
# system defined by them.
f_always(dot.move_to, lambda: axes.c2p(1, 1))
self.play(
axes.animate.scale(0.75).to_corner(UL),
run_time=2,
)
self.wait()
self.play(FadeOut(VGroup(axes, dot, h_line, v_line)))
# Other coordinate systems you can play around with include
# ThreeDAxes, NumberPlane, and ComplexPlane.
class GraphExample(Scene):
def construct(self):
axes = Axes((-3, 10), (-1, 8), height=6)
axes.add_coordinate_labels()
self.play(Write(axes, lag_ratio=0.01, run_time=1))
# Axes.get_graph will return the graph of a function
sin_graph = axes.get_graph(
lambda x: 2 * math.sin(x),
color=BLUE,
)
# By default, it draws it so as to somewhat smoothly interpolate
# between sampled points (x, f(x)). If the graph is meant to have
# a corner, though, you can set use_smoothing to False
relu_graph = axes.get_graph(
lambda x: max(x, 0),
use_smoothing=False,
color=YELLOW,
)
# For discontinuous functions, you can specify the point of
# discontinuity so that it does not try to draw over the gap.
step_graph = axes.get_graph(
lambda x: 2.0 if x > 3 else 1.0,
discontinuities=[3],
color=GREEN,
)
# Axes.get_graph_label takes in either a string or a mobject.
# If it's a string, it treats it as a LaTeX expression. By default
# it places the label next to the graph near the right side, and
# has it match the color of the graph
sin_label = axes.get_graph_label(sin_graph, "\\sin(x)")
relu_label = axes.get_graph_label(relu_graph, Text("ReLU"))
step_label = axes.get_graph_label(step_graph, Text("Step"), x=4)
self.play(
ShowCreation(sin_graph),
FadeIn(sin_label, RIGHT),
)
self.wait(2)
self.play(
ReplacementTransform(sin_graph, relu_graph),
FadeTransform(sin_label, relu_label),
)
self.wait()
self.play(
ReplacementTransform(relu_graph, step_graph),
FadeTransform(relu_label, step_label),
)
self.wait()
parabola = axes.get_graph(lambda x: 0.25 * x**2)
parabola.set_stroke(BLUE)
self.play(
FadeOut(step_graph),
FadeOut(step_label),
ShowCreation(parabola)
)
self.wait()
# You can use axes.input_to_graph_point, abbreviated
# to axes.i2gp, to find a particular point on a graph
dot = Dot(color=RED)
dot.move_to(axes.i2gp(2, parabola))
self.play(FadeIn(dot, scale=0.5))
# A value tracker lets us animate a parameter, usually
# with the intent of having other mobjects update based
# on the parameter
x_tracker = ValueTracker(2)
dot.add_updater(lambda d: d.move_to(axes.i2gp(x_tracker.get_value(), parabola)))
self.play(x_tracker.animate.set_value(4), run_time=3)
self.play(x_tracker.animate.set_value(-2), run_time=3)
self.wait()
class TexAndNumbersExample(Scene):
def construct(self):
axes = Axes((-3, 3), (-3, 3), unit_size=1)
axes.to_edge(DOWN)
axes.add_coordinate_labels(font_size=16)
circle = Circle(radius=2)
circle.set_stroke(YELLOW, 3)
circle.move_to(axes.get_origin())
self.add(axes, circle)
# When numbers show up in tex, they can be readily
# replaced with DecimalMobjects so that methods like
# get_value and set_value can be called on them, and
# animations like ChangeDecimalToValue can be called
# on them.
tex = Tex("x^2 + y^2 = 4.00")
tex.next_to(axes, UP, buff=0.5)
value = tex.make_number_changeable("4.00")
# This will tie the right hand side of our equation to
# the square of the radius of the circle
value.add_updater(lambda v: v.set_value(circle.get_radius()**2))
self.add(tex)
text = Text("""
You can manipulate numbers
in Tex mobjects
""", font_size=30)
text.next_to(tex, RIGHT, buff=1.5)
arrow = Arrow(text, tex)
self.add(text, arrow)
self.play(
circle.animate.set_height(2.0),
run_time=4,
rate_func=there_and_back,
)
# By default, tex.make_number_changeable replaces the first occurance
# of the number,but by passing replace_all=True it replaces all and
# returns a group of the results
exponents = tex.make_number_changeable("2", replace_all=True)
self.play(
LaggedStartMap(
FlashAround, exponents,
lag_ratio=0.2, buff=0.1, color=RED
),
exponents.animate.set_color(RED)
)
def func(x, y):
# Switch from manim coords to axes coords
xa, ya = axes.point_to_coords(np.array([x, y, 0]))
return xa**4 + ya**4 - 4
new_curve = ImplicitFunction(func)
new_curve.match_style(circle)
circle.rotate(angle_of_vector(new_curve.get_start())) # Align
value.clear_updaters()
self.play(
*(ChangeDecimalToValue(exp, 4) for exp in exponents),
ReplacementTransform(circle.copy(), new_curve),
circle.animate.set_stroke(width=1, opacity=0.5),
)
class SurfaceExample(ThreeDScene):
def construct(self):
surface_text = Text("For 3d scenes, try using surfaces")
surface_text.fix_in_frame()
surface_text.to_edge(UP)
self.add(surface_text)
self.wait(0.1)
torus1 = Torus(r1=1, r2=1)
torus2 = Torus(r1=3, r2=1)
sphere = Sphere(radius=3, resolution=torus1.resolution)
# You can texture a surface with up to two images, which will
# be interpreted as the side towards the light, and away from
# the light. These can be either urls, or paths to a local file
# in whatever you've set as the image directory in
# the custom_config.yml file
# day_texture = "EarthTextureMap"
# night_texture = "NightEarthTextureMap"
day_texture = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Whole_world_-_land_and_oceans.jpg/1280px-Whole_world_-_land_and_oceans.jpg"
night_texture = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_earth_at_night.jpg/1280px-The_earth_at_night.jpg"
surfaces = [
TexturedSurface(surface, day_texture, night_texture)
for surface in [sphere, torus1, torus2]
]
for mob in surfaces:
mob.shift(IN)
mob.mesh = SurfaceMesh(mob)
mob.mesh.set_stroke(BLUE, 1, opacity=0.5)
surface = surfaces[0]
self.play(
FadeIn(surface),
ShowCreation(surface.mesh, lag_ratio=0.01, run_time=3),
)
for mob in surfaces:
mob.add(mob.mesh)
surface.save_state()
self.play(Rotate(surface, PI / 2), run_time=2)
for mob in surfaces[1:]:
mob.rotate(PI / 2)
self.play(
Transform(surface, surfaces[1]),
run_time=3
)
self.play(
Transform(surface, surfaces[2]),
# Move camera frame during the transition
self.frame.animate.increment_phi(-10 * DEG),
self.frame.animate.increment_theta(-20 * DEG),
run_time=3
)
# Add ambient rotation
self.frame.add_updater(lambda m, dt: m.increment_theta(-0.1 * dt))
# Play around with where the light is
light_text = Text("You can move around the light source")
light_text.move_to(surface_text)
light_text.fix_in_frame()
self.play(FadeTransform(surface_text, light_text))
light = self.camera.light_source
light_dot = GlowDot(color=WHITE, radius=0.5)
light_dot.always.move_to(light)
self.add(light, light_dot)
light.save_state()
self.play(light.animate.move_to(3 * IN), run_time=5)
self.play(light.animate.shift(10 * OUT), run_time=5)
drag_text = Text("Try moving the mouse while pressing d or f")
drag_text.move_to(light_text)
drag_text.fix_in_frame()
self.play(FadeTransform(light_text, drag_text))
self.wait()
class InteractiveDevelopment(Scene):
def construct(self):
circle = Circle()
circle.set_fill(BLUE, opacity=0.5)
circle.set_stroke(BLUE_E, width=4)
square = Square()
self.play(ShowCreation(square))
self.wait()
# This opens an iPython terminal where you can keep writing
# lines as if they were part of this construct method.
# In particular, 'square', 'circle' and 'self' will all be
# part of the local namespace in that terminal.
self.embed()
# Try copying and pasting some of the lines below into
# the interactive shell
self.play(ReplacementTransform(square, circle))
self.wait()
self.play(circle.animate.stretch(4, 0))
self.play(Rotate(circle, 90 * DEG))
self.play(circle.animate.shift(2 * RIGHT).scale(0.25))
text = Text("""
In general, using the interactive shell
is very helpful when developing new scenes
""")
self.play(Write(text))
# In the interactive shell, you can just type
# play, add, remove, clear, wait, save_state and restore,
# instead of self.play, self.add, self.remove, etc.
# To interact with the window, type touch(). You can then
# scroll in the window, or zoom by holding down 'z' while scrolling,
# and change camera perspective by holding down 'd' while moving
# the mouse. Press 'r' to reset to the standard camera position.
# Press 'q' to stop interacting with the window and go back to
# typing new commands into the shell.
# In principle you can customize a scene to be responsive to
# mouse and keyboard interactions
always(circle.move_to, self.mouse_point)
class ControlsExample(Scene):
drag_to_pan = False
def setup(self):
self.textbox = Textbox()
self.checkbox = Checkbox()
self.color_picker = ColorSliders()
self.panel = ControlPanel(
Text("Text", font_size=24), self.textbox, Line(),
Text("Show/Hide Text", font_size=24), self.checkbox, Line(),
Text("Color of Text", font_size=24), self.color_picker
)
self.add(self.panel)
def construct(self):
text = Text("text", font_size=96)
def text_updater(old_text):
assert(isinstance(old_text, Text))
new_text = Text(self.textbox.get_value(), font_size=old_text.font_size)
# new_text.align_data_and_family(old_text)
new_text.move_to(old_text)
if self.checkbox.get_value():
new_text.set_fill(
color=self.color_picker.get_picked_color(),
opacity=self.color_picker.get_picked_opacity()
)
else:
new_text.set_opacity(0)
old_text.become(new_text)
text.add_updater(text_updater)
self.add(MotionMobject(text))
self.textbox.set_value("Manim")
# self.wait(60)
# self.embed()
# See https://github.com/3b1b/videos for many, many more
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